Devil Red

如何做好民主轉型與鞏固？
2008-04-03 16:49:38 　　來自: 程明
http://www.douban.com/subject/discussion/1173249/
　　
　　 這本罷在書案卷帙浩繁的民主轉型與民主鞏固的巨著，是浙江人民出版社“政治與社會譯叢”最後一本出版的書。難以想像能為這樣的民主轉型與民主鞏固的巨著寫任何評論，本書原汁原味的閱讀勝過了任何作者進行評論的語言敍述。林茨和斯泰潘合著的《民主轉型與鞏固的問題：南歐、南美和後共產主義歐洲》可以說是國內政治學與社會學界繼1999年翻譯亨廷頓的《第三波——20世紀後期的民主化浪潮》之後的又一比較政治學巨著。

http://www.wpunj.edu/%5C%5C~newpol/issue24/ehrenb24.htm Beyond Civil Society John Ehrenberg [from New Politics, vol. 6, no. 4 (new series), whole no. 24, Winter 1998]

國際政治經濟學的葛蘭西學派
http://myy.cass.cn/file/2006010618377.html
李濱
在我國的國際政治經濟學研究中，西方當前的民族主義理論和自由主義理論已經逐漸被介紹，並且被一些學者引用，不論從觀點上還是從研究方法上都是如此。然而，國際關係和國際政治經濟學的一個重要理論流派——西方馬克思主義國際關係和國際政治經濟學理論，在我們的學術研究中卻沒有得到應有的重視。這種現象的出現與我們對它缺乏透徹的瞭解，以及我們對馬克思主義理論理解得不夠全面有關。本文希望通過通過葛蘭西學派的國際政治經濟學的介紹和分析，加深中國學者對該派理論的認識。
葛蘭西思想與葛蘭西學派的國際政治經濟學

政治學:福柯、德裏達和馬克思
陸揚
來源：《後現代性的文本闡釋：福柯和德裏達》第七章
資料來源：《新青年》
http://intermargins.net/intermargins/TCulturalWorkshop/academia/scholar%20and%20specialist/fucault/f07.htm

民間社會與民主的鞏固：有關亞洲社會的十個命題與九項思考
(On Civil Society and the Consolidation of Democracy: Ten General Propositions and Nine Speculations about Their Relation in Asian Societies)
　http://www.inpr.org.tw:9998/inprc/pub/jounals/120-9/m121_1.htm
■菲利普‧施密特（Philippe Schmitter）　史丹佛大學政治系教授
民間社會的出現，有助於民主的鞏固，但這只是「有助於」民主的鞏固，而非引發民主，它無法單獨促成民主的出現。民間社會並非由單一類型的中介組織構成，而是由眾多類型所組成，而這一組合，將隨著政體變遷與民主化的階段，改變其衝突的內容與強度。

Michael Oakeshott and the Political Economy of Freedom
BY JOHN GRAY
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John Gray is a Fellow of Jesus college, Oxford University, Research for this article was undertaken during a period of residence as Distinguished Research Fellow at the Social Philosophy and Policy Center, Bowling Green State University, Ohio
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http://www.independent.org/newsroom/article.asp?id=1663
January 31, 2006
Robert Higgs
The Freeman
Full-fledged corporatism, as a system for organizing the formulation and implementation of economic policies, requires the replacement of political representation according to area of residence by political representation according to position in the socioeconomic division of labor. The citizen of a corporate state has a political identity not as a resident of a particular geographical district but as a member of a certain occupation, profession, or other economic community. He will probably be distinguished according to whether he is an employer, an employee, or self-employed.

http://www.frontpagemag.com/Articles/ReadArticle.asp?ID=3054
By Robert Locke
FrontPageMagazine.com | September 13, 2002
We are probably heading into some economic heavy weather which will spur needed debate on what's right and wrong with our economy. This will require our being clear about what kind of economy we really have. I have mentioned before that we increasingly live not in a capitalist society but in a corporatist one, and I would like to flesh out this notion.
What is corporatism? In a (somewhat inaccurate) phrase, socialism for the bourgeois. It has the outward form of capitalism in that it preserves private ownership and private management, but with a crucial difference: as under socialism, government guarantees the flow of material goods, which under true capitalism it does not. In classical capitalism, what has been called the "night-watchman" state, government's role in the economy is simply to prevent force or fraud from disrupting the autonomous operation of the free market. The market is trusted to provide. Under corporatism, it is not, instead being systematically manipulated to deliver goods to political constituencies. This now includes basically everyone from the economic elite to ordinary consumers.

http://www.fff.org/freedom/fd0411e.asp
by Anthony Gregory, Posted February 23, 2005
Principled advocacy of the free market requires an understanding of the differences between genuine free enterprise and “state capitalism.” Although the Left frequently exaggerates and overemphasizes the evils of corporate America, proponents of the free market often find themselves in the awkward position of defending the status quo of state capitalism, which is in fact a common adversary of the free marketer and the anti-corporate leftist, even if the latter misdiagnoses the problem and proposes the wrong solutions.
Indeed, corporatism, implemented by the state — whether through direct handouts, corporate bailouts, eminent domain, licensing laws, antitrust regulations, or environmental edicts — inflicts great harm on the modern American economy. Although leftists often misunderstand the fundamental problem plaguing the economy, they at least recognize its symptoms.
Conservatives and many libertarians, on the other hand, frequently dismiss many ills such as poverty as fabricated by the left-liberal imagination, when in fact it does a disservice to the cause of liberty and free markets to defend the current system and ignore very real and serious problems, which are often caused by government intervention in the economy. We should recognize that state corporatism is a form of socialism, and it is nearly inevitable in a mixed economy that the introduction of more socialism will cartelize industry and consolidate wealth in the hands of the few.

http://www.sjsu.edu/faculty/watkins/corporatism.htm
Corporatism
In the last half of the 19th century people of the working class in Europe were beginning to show interest in the ideas of socialism and syndicalism. Some members of the intelligentsia, particularly the Catholic intelligentsia, decided to formulate an alternative to socialism which would emphasize social justice without the radical solution of the abolition of private property. The result was called Corporatism. The name had nothing to do with the notion of a business corporation except that both words are derived from the Latin word for body, corpus.
The basic idea of corporatism is that the society and economy of a country should be organized into major interest groups (sometimes called corporations) and representatives of those interest groups settle any problems through negotiation and joint agreement. In contrast to a market economy which operates through competition a corporate economic works through collective bargaining. The American president Lyndon Johnson had a favorite phrase that reflected the spirit of corporatism. He would gather the parties to some dispute and say, "Let us reason together."
Under corporatism the labor force and management in an industry belong to an industrial organization. The representatives of labor and management settle wage issues through collective negotiation. While this was the theory in practice the corporatist states were largely ruled according to the dictates of the supreme leader.